According to his testimony, the injuries sustained from a whipping by his overseer kept Peter, an enslaved man, bedridden for two months. Through these challenges black slaves earned some of the benefits their predecessors had earned on coastal rice plantations. Frequently Georgia enslaved families cultivated their own gardens and raised livestock, and enslaved men sometimes supplemented their families diets by hunting and fishing. As was the case for rice production, cotton planters relied upon the labor of enslaved African and African American people. In New Georgia Encyclopedia. If the surname is not on this list, the microfilm can be viewed The latest wonders from the site to your inbox. whom she had two children, was Robert Livingston Ireland. More striking, almost a third of the state legislators were planters. C.?, 46 slaves, District 28, page 366B, CORBIN, Jno. Courtesy of National Archives and Records Administration, Over the antebellum era whites continued to employ violence against the enslaved population, but increasingly they justified their oppression in moral terms. 1800 Slave Owners 1. The war involved Georgians at every level. He was a brother to Marc purposes. You will be enchanted by Chateau Elan Winery & Resort, thrilled by Michelin Raceway Road Atlanta, and charmed by historic Downtown Braselton. On each Collections post weve done our best to indicate which rights we think apply, so please do check and look into more detail where necessary, before reusing. The New Georgia Encyclopedia does not hold the copyright for this media resource and can neither grant nor deny permission to republish or reproduce the image online or in print. Please view our Park Rules page for more information. The most salient were sugar plantations, but there were cotton plantations and livestock plantations. Unusually well-built slave cabins; summer tours given by Cassina Garden Club, This page was last edited on 25 February 2023, at 02:09. Young, Jeffrey. Franklin D. Roosevelt made frequent visits to Warm Springs and witnessed for himself the devastating conditions in the state. A row of slave cabins in Chatham County is pictured in 1934. breastwork until two rounds were fired. As of 1728, there were 91 plantation lots defined on Saint John, U.S. Virgin Islands. Joseph P. Reidy, From Slavery to Agrarian Capitalism in the Cotton Plantation South: Central Georgia, 1800-1880 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992). with one of these surnames is found on the 1870 census, then making the link to finding that ancestor as a slave requires The efforts of Gratz, Miriam and Ophelia Dent led to the preservation of their family legacy. King lived in Atlanta and was buried there after he was assassinated in 1968; his grave is now a national historic site. Requests for permission to publish or reproduce the resource should be submitted to the Georgia Archives. In the 1890s Democrats disenfranchised African American voters and created a system of segregation to separate Blacks and whites in all public places throughout Georgia. Soon slaves outnumbered whites in the coastal low country. The resulting Geechee culture of the Georgia coast was the counterpart of the better-known Gullah culture of the South Carolina Lowcountry. Since the colonial era, children born of enslaved mothers were deemed chattel, doomed to follow the condition of the mother irrespective of the fathers status. The During cholera epidemics on some Lowcountry plantations, more than half the enslaved population died in a matter of months. As The Atlantic notes in an excellent article about the auction: Our latest content, your inbox, every fortnight. Ophelia was the last heir to the rich traditions of her ancestors, and she left the plantation to the state of Georgia in 1973. The pain of these familial sunderings, as well as the appalling conditions and treatment to which the slaves were subject, was documented in a scathing article in the New York Tribune titled, What Became of the Slaves on a Georgia Plantation. The work of Mortimer Thomson, a popular journalist of the time, writing under the pseudonym Q. The fire caused a boom in brick production and opened Savannah to many architects during rebuilding. Garmany to escape. An inscription on the original reads "Charleston S.C. 4th March 1833 'The land of the free & home of the brave.'". Ironically, when Georgias leading planter politicians led their state out of the Union, they and their fellow secessionists set in motion a chain of destructive events that would ultimately fulfill their prophecies of abolition. Your support helps us commission new entries and update existing content. while the whites and the Creeks were at war with each other, a battle The expanding presence of evangelical Christian churches in the early nineteenth century provided Georgia slaveholders with religious justifications for human bondage. Nevertheless, Georgians raised 500,000 bales in 1850, second only to Alabama, and nearly 702,000 bales in 1860, behind Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana. of Counties, Towns, Events, Institutions, and Persons, Arranged in P. & Joel T., 109 slaves, District 4 & 5 & 28, page 356B, FREEMAN, James & YELLDELL, Ellen, 49 slaves, District 28, page 365, GRIST, Richard J. F., 100 slaves, District 4 & 5 & 28, page 356, HARRELL, Dempsy, 60 slaves, District 26, page 370, HARRIS, Joshua, 41 slaves, District 4 & 28, page 3363 ends 362B, HIGHTOWER, Henry Allen, 39 slaves, District 6, page 354B, HIGHTOWER, Joel, 54 slaves, District 6, page 353, HILL, Richard B., 62 slaves, District 4 & 5 & 28, page 357B, HOLMES, G. Wyatt, 30 slaves, District 28, page 367, JOHNSTON, David S., 86 slaves, District 28 & 26, page 372, KOONCE, Susan, 33 slaves, District 28, page 364, MATHEWS, Sarah Hutchins, by John Mathews, 60 slaves, District 28, page 373, MAXWELL, Sarah N., 64 slaves, District 4 & 5 & 28, page 357, MCCLARY, Samuel, 38 slaves, District 28, page 366B, MERCIER, George W., 47 slaves, District 4 & 28, page 363, NESBITT, Martha D., 79 slaves, District 4 & 5 & 28, page 358, OLIVER, Joshua B., 37 slaves, District 6, page 355B, PERRY, Joel W., 40 slaves, District 28, page 364, RANSOM?, James, 73 slaves, District 28, page 363B, REDDICK, John, 42 slaves, District 6, page 355, ROBINSON, Bolling H., 49 slaves, District 5 & 26 & 1164, page 373B, SALTER, James, 31 slaves, District 6, page 354B, SALTER, Thos., 49 slaves, District 5, page 374, SHACKLEFORD, James, 231 slaves, District 26, page 368, SPEIGHT, Thomas E., 45 slaves, District 28, page 365B, STAFFORD, S. S., 39 slaves, District [? Savannah on the Morning of the 11th January 1820, a poem by Richard W. Habersham. Only in Cartersville youll find the southeasts only museum of Western American art, the worlds first Coca-Cola Wall Sign, Georgias oldest diner thats never had a phone and a junk car art gallery! Cozy cabins, beautiful views, lakes, waterfalls and friendly people. In the 1920s the state continued to depend on cotton production, but crop destruction by the boll weevil soon caused an agricultural depression. gin house and some other buildings was reached and the fence used as a Pebble Hill sold in 1896 to Bulk dates: 1778-1830. Although the law technically prohibited whites from abusing or killing enslaved people, it was extremely rare for whites to be prosecuted and convicted for these crimes. This is a list of plantations and/or plantation houses in the U.S. state of Georgia that are National Historic Landmarks, listed on the National Register of Historic Places, listed on a heritage register, or are otherwise significant for their history, association with significant events or people, or their architecture and design.[1][2][3]. Tidal irrigation for instance required fewer slaves to water the crops, so plantation owners pulled some of their slaves from the field. The Union army occupied parts of coastal Georgia early on, disrupting the plantation and slave system well before the outcome of the war was determined. 1901-1910, [picture courtesy of Library of Congress], [picture courtesy of GA County snapshots]. on African Americans in the 1870 census was obtained using Heritage Quest's CD "African-Americans in the 1870 U.S. Racial divisions and discrimination were still harsh, but white Atlantans were generally more open to communication with African American leadership. The liberation of the state's enslaved population, numbering more than 400,000, began during the chaos of the Civil War and continued well into 1865. Seeing the Indians were trying to turn his flanks Accordingly, the enslaved population of Georgia increased dramatically during the early decades of the nineteenth century. Also known as Petway House or the Buell-King House. A plantation in the 1800s was a large piece of land where crops were grown for sale. The colony of the Province of Georgia under James Oglethorpe banned slavery in 1735, the only one of the thirteen colonies to have done so. Jeffrey Robert Young, Domesticating Slavery: The Master Class in Georgia and South Carolina, 1670-1837 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999). Because the cotton gin made cleaning short-staple cotton easier, more planters invested in the crop. Evidence also suggests that slaveholders were willing to employ violence and threats in order to coerce enslaved people into sexual relationships. Georgia law supported slavery in that the state restricted the right of slaveholders to free individuals, a measure that was strengthened over the antebellum era. Slaveholders controlled not only the best land and the vast majority of personal property in the state but also the state political system. surname of the slaveholder, can check this list for the surname. Kate was mistress of Pebble Hill until her death in 1936. The percentage of free families holding people in slavery was somewhat higher (37 percent) but still well short of a majority. If the surname is found, they can then view the microfilm for Using plantation names to locate ancestors Cryer sold his land to Carnes in 1792, consolidating the 966 acres into one . Although the cotton gin allowed for fewer laborers to clean cotton, rather than pull slaves from the fields and provide them with the incentives of the task system as was done on the coast, inland planters kept their slaves working hard clearing more land for cotton. it is beyond the scope of this transcription. PLANTATION NAMES. Sherman and his troops laid siege to Atlanta in late summer and burned much of the city before finally capturing it. Slave Eugene Talmadge often condemned them, and other Georgia politicians opposed the New Deals economic reforms that threatened to undermine the traditional dominance of farmers. In the 1960s Mayor William Hartsfield and Atlantas major corporations negotiated with the local Black community to prevent the massive civil rights protests that had disrupted such Southern cities as Birmingham, Ala., and Nashville and Memphis, Tenn. The legal prohibition against slave testimony about whites denied enslaved people the ability to provide evidence of their victimization. 3 miles east of Savannah, GA Democrats held the governors office continuously until the election in 2003 of Sonny Perdue, the first Republican governor since 1868. Strong Freedom in the Zone. was never fully ascertained. This led to an intensified relationship between whites and blacks. Slavery in Antebellum Georgia. In the wake of war, however, white and Black Georgia residents articulated opposite views about emancipation. Thus, medium-sized farms could grow into plantations within a few years. Most enslaved Georgians therefore had access to a community that partially offset the harshness of bondage. (p. 363), Continue to Exchanges in Slavery and Freedom, RESEARCH CENTER Georgia had led the world in cotton production during the first boom in the 1820s, with 150,000 bales in 1826; later slumps led to some agricultural diversification. Quiz, Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. destroyed by fire. In 1785, just before the genesis of the cotton plantation system, a Georgia merchant had claimed that slavery was to the Trade of the Country, as the Soul [is] to the Body. Seventy-five years later Georgia politician Alexander Stephens noted that slavery had become a moral as well as an economic foundation for white plantation culture. In 1864 Union troops under Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman invaded Georgia from the north. her daughter, Pansy, became Pebble Hill's mistress. The island's first steam-powered sugar factory. In other words, only half of Georgias slaveholders enslaved more than a handful of people, and Georgias planters constituted less than 5 percent of the states adult white male population. It was a fortune, however, soon squandered by way of Butler the younger's chronic gambling habit and stock market speculation. Extent: 222 items. from Fort McCreay and the Indians were put to flight. Between 1860 and 1870, the Georgia colored When Congress banned the African slave trade in 1808, however, Georgias enslaved population did not decline. County, accounting for 2,539 slaves, or 62% of the County total. slaveholder. Their home, built by slave labor in 1845, was preserved by three generations of the Smith family and is now open to the public as a museum. Enslaved people fostered family relationships and communities in and among their quarters. This is a list of plantations and/or plantation houses in the U.S. state of Georgia that are National Historic Landmarks, listed on the National Register of Historic Places, listed on a heritage register, or are otherwise significant for their history, association with significant events or people, or their architecture and design. of the Library of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Historical background of the plantation era. 1,000 acres or more, the largest size category enumerated in the census, and another 1,359 farms of 500-999 acres. Location of notable Roman statuary imports. Early History. 20042023 Georgia Humanities, University of Georgia Press. Likewise, at the constitutional convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1787, Georgia and South Carolina delegates joined to insert clauses protecting slavery into the new U.S. Constitution. Many Black Georgians left the state during World War I as part of the Great Migration to the North. Atlantas business community pursued a more open, progressive approach to the African American community than did many other Southern cities. New Georgia Encyclopedia, last modified Sep 30, 2020. https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/slavery-in-antebellum-georgia/, Young, J. R. (2003). Georgia, by Robert Stafford in the early 1800s. Getting to the fields early and working hard allowed the slaves to enjoy time together later in the day and tend their own gardens and livestock. Slavery and Freedom in Savannah, ed. Half of the men were faced to the FORMER SLAVES. Georgia law supported slavery in that the state restricted the right of slaveholders to free individuals, a measure that was strengthened over the antebellum era. As plantations became larger and the opportunity for higher profits emerged in the early 1800s, plantation owners sought to control all aspects of their respective product. Abraham Kuykendall - 5 5. Language: The material is in English. and charged the Creeks, which diverted their attention and enabled A museum features silver from the family collection and a model of the original estate. 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