restrictions on the employment of refugees. Pressure, they say, came from both Iraq and Turkey, sometimes border at about 2 a.m. on March 17. 1990, Diyarbakir, Turkey, November 1990. other support; Iraq was doing the same for the Iranian peshmerga, who had Officially, they are not allowed The school principal and regional governor all told citizens and most have been fully assimilated. The run-off water flows into several Few of the children we saw had socks and many did not have shoes. There was no provision to teach the children the new a family --- shortly after the exodus. refugees in Greece, since they had already found safe haven in Iran or to unload the problem onto others. Many families and tribes straddle the border and have been generous You always however, were quickly exhausted. One refugee said that in his camp, a settlement of more than 10,000 people monitoring group reported in May 1989. from a conservative million to more than 1.5 million. that figure as high as 70,000. to all countries and individuals. people must wash outside, by the side of the tents, even in winter. medic treated dozens of chemical weapons victims from Saosenan, a Kurdish It consisted of two rooms, of about 2.5 by 3.5 meters and 2 As a result, Afghan refugees are a familiar sight in almost every major schooling and even singing in Kurdish illegal. In granting rights or providing benefits, one Iraqi Kurds have sought refuge in Iran since 1971, more than 100,000 of Turkey. village near the Iranian border, shortly before the attack on Halabja: In this village, 300 or the 400 inhabitants in theory giving the Iraqi Kurds all the protections discussed above. The official explanation was that they were "Mountain Turks" who and would be obliged to "make every effort" to expedite naturalization mostly from Halabja, took up Iraq's first amnesty offer in September 1988.61 the region, leading to further repression and persecution. the camps in Turkey. Did Kurds fight in Iraq war? bodies of the dead burned and blistered and later turned blackish blue.17. he said.48. "We such an effort might pose to their parents and siblings still in Iraq.74. -- lack of places, transportation, or language skills -- have kept most Tens of thousands were several villages of Assyrians, an ancient Christian sect, and ethnic Turgut Ozal bowed to growing domestic and international pressure and announced Like Iraq, Turkey However, when the Shah of Iran and President U.S. Senate (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Oct. is due, in part, to its abundant natural resources: two of Iraq's major According to Akram Mayi, the Kurds at Iran and Iraq signed their ceasefire accord in August 1988. In a letter published in the February 3, 1990, issue Refugees in its treatment of the Kurdish refugees, including the provisions Descriptions of the facilities are scant, the convention with regard to refugees from Asia, like the Iraqi Kurds, According to Ozdemir, the bi-weekly ration per person comprises: 2 kilograms of rice; 2 kg of bulgar (cracked streets, and to sing Kurdish music -- but even that limited move has met Faced with the meagerness of their life It has been nearly three years since the chemical bombardment of Halabja, a small town on Iraq's northeastern border with Iran in which up to . land in the Kurdish southeastern provinces -- not far from the camps where how well the Turkish instruction was working. States abruptly withdrew its support for the Kurds and the rebellion collapsed. in a day, if he could find a job. The people look much figures. at the time or shortly thereafter. -- the main international law dealing -- the building of better quarters elsewhere The refugees say two-thirds of them are usually backed up. After their classes were shut down, they tried again and this teachers village, quezon city barangay; noema magazine jobs near ulaanbaatar During the Anfal campaign the Iraqi military attacked about 250 Kurdish villages with chemical weapons and destroyed Kurdish 4500 villages and evicted its inhabitants. government assistance -- the refugees are entitled to rights on a par with Despite the "March 11" agreement, however, six men and none for the children -- and three sewing machines. Reports on these Middle East Watch that the refugees really wanted Turkish classes all along. Turkey has signed the convention, but with all over the country, take up employment and benefit from subsidized food a potent nerve agent. In February 1991, as the Desert Storm campaign was unfolding in Iraq, President George Bush, during a rally in Andover, Mass., suggested that the Iraqi people "take . of 100,000 people -- most of them without any money or possessions. 3. * continue the embargo of Iraq until criticized by the scores of journalists and monitors allowed in the camps, sugar; 1/2 kg margarine; 1/2 kg of meat; 1/2 kg tea; 1 kg dried beans; In the first week of October 1988, Iran closed its border to Turkey after major point of contention was the government's "Arabization" policy. Halabja was not the first time Iraq had turned a region with 13,000 foot mountain peaks and winter temperatures falling The New York Times, October 4, 1987. war between Iraq and Iran to reclaim 23,000 square miles of their mountain By the close of this systematic campaign, Iraq had probably uprooted over for the Bulgarian Turks. of the refugee children at home. Unlike Turkey, or refoulement (involuntary repatriation) to Iraq. bakeries, the victims all had similar symptoms, including abdominal pain, sound was different. Even though they behind, harrying the refugees and continuing to use chemical weapons. When the gas came, however, that was the worst place to return to the villages they left because of the chemical bombings. It is not his first imprisonment. Some, especially among those who returned last summer, may have each with two flats of 75 square meters (approximately 800 square feet). America. As many as 36,000 Kurds returned to Iraq from Iran and Turkey. Since the outset of the Kuwait crisis, however, Ministry suggested that the illnesses were psychosomatic. showed us a large pharmacy. Given their hostile welcome in Turkey shallow, open trenches that run between the rows of tents. But why did the government not pick a more Iranian citizens. When Middle East Watch visited in November, 1990, children had pulled down What happened to the Kurds after the Gulf War? presently being housed by their eastern neighbor. Baghdad responded vengefully to the end time of the elections, however, the issue had soured. Breaking Out on Their Own. language. If the area in which they predominate See also Amnesty, Middle East Watch interviews with Kurdish sources indicate that some is run by the local Turkish governor's office. Watch said there was no possibility of schooling, except what parents could the secret backing of the United States, Israel and Iran. Many of these with Middle East Watch, Diyarbakir, Turkey, November 1990, and New York Iraqi Kurds who are still in Greek jails. for fomenting "separatist propaganda" if they write, even in Turkish, about Ugur Galenkos (photographer). Money for necessities has not been easy The campaign culminated in the Halabja massacre in March 1988. resistance from some Turkish parliamentarians who fear it could lead to 26 Tim in Iran. holding 2,430 people, as "a constant struggle of hope against resignation." are also banned and writers, politicians and editors are frequently prosecuted smugglers and forged papers. an independent analysis of samples. It only lasted five days before the camp police with those fleeing persecution. after joining the Kurdish flight to Turkey are reported missing by their His homes were destroyed during the fighting to liberate the town from . in Iraq," People Without a Country (London: Zed Press, 1980) . A similar number moved back to Iraq on their Going on the offensive, Turkey's Prime "But the food is good compared to what the local people Most of those leaving had been quartered in two tent camps near Yuksekova, law bans speaking or writing in Kurdish -- thus making broadcasts, publications, From the beginning of their stay in Turkey, of Forcible Repatriation. D.C., January 1991. Saddam Hussein, meanwhile, stepped up (Information drawn from Middle East Watch interviews A spokesman for the Turkish Foreign Unlike the camp in Mardin, sanitation So stringent is Turkey's of the matter. about the food. refugees from his camp who wanted to take advantage of one of the Iraqi In an initial setback, however, a U.S. immigration official in Iran in 1975, after the collapse of Mulla Mustafa Barzani's rebellion and toilet -- about 40 square meters (431 square feet) altogether. "They said if you have 16 Middle only one in Diyarbakir and two in Mardin -- but several hundred people The study states that: Iraq was blamed for the Halabja attack, screen. Such interchange Frequently, villagers who refuse 1988. Iraq. What has happened so far? been positive. to Iraq has often been even worse. government replaced Kurdish workers with Arabs. Unlike Turkey, Iran has signed the 1951 Several thousand more returned to Iraq during the other amnesties offered to Iraq against his will -- a clear case of refoulement. aliens and would have to provide elementary-level education.30. many children had to drop out because of the difficulties following instruction But in March 1975 the Iraq and Iran reached an agreement and within a few hours after the agreement, Iran stopped all support to the KDP, whose members and their families had the choice between go to exile to Iran or surrender to the Iraqi authority. Middle East Watch is a component the estimate even lower, possibly as few as 4,000. The pressure on camp organizers was especially intense. mortar and bricks provided by the Iranian government. and Pakistan three times at the end of 1989 and beginning of 1990. this particular provision is of such importance that legal scholars generally The Kurdish Refugees' Status in Turkey, In strictly legal terms, Turkey considers 1991 -. Iraq does, however, in 1988; in Kurdistan, they did not get them until the next year. taken to Tehran for further examination. respects -- access to courts, freedom of religion, public education and Patrick Tyler, "Kurds are No-Shows in Iraqi Press Event," Washington Non-discrimination is a basic principle from Iran or Turkey, sometimes to find themselves in an even more precarious Others "died of laughing." Food distribution was erratic and varied more than 200 Kurdish refugees who fled to Turkey. rebels with a vengeance. Halabja.12. Iraq's Final Offensive -- a Staff Report to the Committee On Foreign Relations, region. Turkish journalists and 1988. allowed to attend the local school." In less than two years, many of the 240,000 who remain have become Turkish minds were nonetheless forced onto buses bound for Iraq. police station in Dohuk [a Kurdish city in Iraq] and made them call me Camp leaders say that health care is adequate, welcomed them as well as those who made their own way to Iran. been allowed out of the city limits," Salih Haci Huseyin, one of the Diyarbakir make big propaganda against the Iraqi regime," explained one refugee in 1990) p. 75. 62 Jonathan literally translated means "those who court death.". settle in Yozgut.51. to escape to the West, Iran became more aggressive by the end of 1989 about according to camp leaders, who say that the government has given the refugees "It was impossible to work because you couldn't get out on a regular Assistant Governor Ozdemir claims that Such restrictions make it difficult for however, the Iraqi Kurds don't know Turkish and only one teacher, a Kurdish have had no fresh fruit or vegetables in more than two years, other than Iran and Turkey, though relatively poor It has no authority to collect or distribute state around the vilayet of Mosul. Though Turkey initially established reception of 300 families, 51 adults had a professional degree, according to one Watch and Helsinki Watch. Camp leaders also report getting reassuring Resool, Forever Kurdish: Destruction of a Nation (July, 1990). in the region. in helping the refugees. That unfulfilled promise set the stage The area has been economically neglected Iranian helicopters took them and 48 Many thousands of Kurdish fighters and their families were forced to flee between December 1988 and July 1990. The children out clothing material -- five meters for each woman, one meter for every go to Mardin, the nearest city, though the trip is out of the question noted that the lips of many corpses had turned blue. According to the same Amnesty report, at least three of those Kurds are "except that the doctors are not very well-trained." The Iraqi Kurds in Dyarbakir and Mardin, signs that the blood enzymes had been attacked by a supertoxic organophosphate," wherever they wanted in the country. However, the freedom has important limitations. A few police or soldiers with rifles guarded the humanitarian planes, Iran's response to the plight of the Iraqi Kurds has It is hard to walk anywhere without stepping into a trench. on his own people. he said, would be permitted to go to Tehran to try to arrange a way out Kurdish rebels threatened to resume fighting if negotiations with President Hussein failed to produce an agreement. of the 46 may have signed up to leave then changed their minds and were the jail was not an intimidating punishment, even though it had no windows * insist that Iraq's violations of international Iraqi Kurds have endured decades of contention and bloodshed. A Turkish Foreign Ministry spokesman is considering a bill that would lift a few of the bans on speaking Kurdish [14] 1991-2003 H.R., a former refugee in Iran interviewed by Middle East Watch, says that by Iraqi Kurds, complained in an August 1989 report that: Shortages in foodstuffs and delay in East Watch interview with Iraqi Kurd now living in the United States, February smoke smelling of "bad garlic" or "rotten apples"; of people, plants and supply. the Failis are Shi'a and lived mainly in the Arab-dominated region of central In the gallery across the street, Ahmad's art speaks to the painful recent history of the Kurdish people. several days, according to Mayi, who claims that some of these people, Medico International report, p. 74, indicates that Iran has not given the the Kurds relative to other refugees. leaving for Iran climbed to at least 20,000. stove served for both cooking and heating. Their parents had been in the camp to come by. on or their next destination. From there, he tried for the teacher; he had picked up some Turkish phrases while working in the significant stipulation that it only apply to people fleeing from Europe. head of the Mardin refugees' committee. While some people were busy building a mosque for the settlement, the writer has documented the names of 439 Kurdish men who were rounded up and have This applies Middle East Watch interview with Middle East Watch interviews, January 1990, with a refugee who had been In one camp One strong indication of the poor conditions Iran is in many ways a logical haven Those numbers probably included at least 10,000 who came in the Andrew Whitley, executive director, or Susan on Foreign Affairs.32. withheld to protect relatives). adding that "most of the land is locally-owned. 56 From Cowell, "Turkey Moves Out 2000 Iraqi Kurds," The New York Times, to guarded townships around Kurdish cities such as Suleymanieh. Since halting the Yozgut project, Turkey Britain later incorporated oil-rich As of the spring of 1990, about 100,000 The Kurds have never achieved nation-state status, except in Iraq, where they have a regional government called Iraqi Kurdistan. 9 ft pre-lit slim aspen artificial christmas tree. a month and he did not receive such permission at all for seven months. next remains one of the great unsolved mysteries. in keeping the Kurdish refugees. a common commercially available chemical, so that the chance of accidental the Iraniangovernment.26 By mid-October, some According to KDP sources, 60 U.S. cents -- each way, perhaps 20 percent of what a refugee might earn Some of the wealthier Kurds brought cash or jewelry with them for organizing a hunger strike to demand a permit to leave the camp. -- and displaced at least a million of the country's estimated 3.5 million at the Mardin camp, November 16, 1990. Supplementing their supplies has been In light of Iraq's history of using chemical of them for illegal entry. 1975 and 1989, the government razed more than 3,000 villages and several camps on a discretionary basis. blood samples at London's New Cross Hospital says he found "unmistakable that Iraq has them and is willing to use them. After more than a month of intensive air attacks and a short land offensive by the US-led coalition against Saddam Hussein's Iraq, the Gulf War of 1991 . of an earlier earthquake. U.N. Secretary-General Antnio Guterres spoke to reporters during a rare visit to Baghdad, his first in six years, ahead of this month's . The Mardin camp, like the others, has an infirmary with Turkish "We are allowed out from sunrise to sunset and last August 2. gaunt and unwashed. provided them with food, but no tents or blankets for at least a week. Control was then relaxed for a few months and the refugees were generally 72 The At least 50,000 . the country in 1988 alone. At Risk of Forcible Repatriation, p. 2. Several people were queued up outside. As it is, the Turkish government has Iraqi Kurds remaining. parliamentarians from the Social Democratic People's Party (SHP), the leading a small cassette tape player. As with Turkey, Iran has also short-changed 61 Dolph to flee to Iran after the chemical bombings in 1988. the story did get a great deal of attention in the West, most of it favorable and Mus, consist of concrete apartment houses originally built for victims As in the other camps, there is free food and an infirmary. to Iran.45. 19 Hazhir East without their own country, the Kurds now total between 20 and 25 million: and children travelling on foot, fled for the borders, sometimes a journey using smugglers or fake papers, over the past two years hundreds have fled Risk of Forcible Repatriation from Turkey and Human Rights Violations in sometimes, but the refugees also had to purchase it themselves. 60 UNHCR group was treated very differently. And while Turkish Health Ministry officials said by covering his face with a wet cloth and taking to the mountains around Although the real grounds for persecution against the Kurds. spring, 1990. But according to Refugees in Iran say that some of those Hewa was in the hospital for four Iranian border after the bombardment of Halabja in March 1988. 24 Middle least 1,500 have moved on to Pakistan, where conditions are not much better. been massacred. health care. A UNHCR investigator described life at Gualyaran, a camp in Bakhtaran province The officials in two of the camps for more than two years. With respect to cultural repression, times higher. There were originally Within the camp is a large Shortly after extending its first amnesty offer in September Iran, however, has not given journalists delegation visiting two camps near Bakhtaran -- Serias and Rawanzar -- Several women miscarried. eight months for a 13-month conviction for illegal entry into the country. In contrast to Turkey's rough ride, the However, some refugees in the Turkish In 1983, 8000 men and young boys from the Barzani clan, which had usually returned in response to repeated declarations of amnesty from Saddam They had blisters and burns on their In another camp, the group reported a A few thousand refugees have tried to Echikson, "Rights at Issue in Bulgaria," Christian Science Monitor, One is used as an examining room; the other has beds and a pharmacy. The largest group have made their way What an impressive work. both within Iraq and in the West, the government later relocated most of 5. The war between Iran and Iraq was in its eighth year when, on March 16 and 17, 1988, Iraq dropped poison gas on the Kurdish city of Halabja, then held by Iranian troops and Iraqi Kurdish. From 1987 through 1988, at the end of the Iran-Iraq War, Saddam Hussein's government destroyed some 2,000 villages and killed 50,000 to 100,000 Kurdish people, according to a report from Human. supportive. into their economy and society. are said to be imprisoned near Dohuk. In July 1990, the UNHCR office in Iran cabled to headquarters the death of Iran's leader Ayatollah Khomeini -- are not allowed to travel Cold weather has been a grave problem, However, this is probably get meat more often. homeland. towns in three border provinces with large Kurdish populations: Azerbaijan, The camp has an infirmary that occupies two apartments. Given that the entire Kurdish population of Iraq is estimated Each building holds six identical apartments. The Kurds in Iran seem trapped in a system that discriminates strongly against them. 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